Abstract. Conflicts Happen Every Day Of Our Life And Are

Abstract Conflicts happen every day of our life and are solved through negotiating in some way. Preparation is one of the most important elements of a negotiation. Negotiations involve preparation, relationships and getting the other party to see things from your perspective. A divorce negotiation can be difficult because of the personal and business issues involved. Both parties normally go in expecting to receive everything that they ask for. A divorce negotiation can be emotional and stressful, especially when it involves children. This can sometimes bring about complex settlement issues. There is a middle ground of negotiating for both spouses, meaning they are likely to reach an agreement that they both are comfortable with some†¦show more content†¦These stages include preparation, discussion, and clarification of goals, negotiation towards a win-win outcome, an agreement and implementation of a course of action. When preparing for a divorce, in order for it to be effective, both parties need to understand which step of the negotiation each person is, because divorcing spouses can have complex settlement issues. When preparing for a divorce, neither spouse likes the thought of negotiating. BODY OF MY REPORT Separation Agreement Normally, a separation agreement is the result of mostly discussion and negotiation surrounding the split of assets and liabilities and any support, maintenance, custody or visitation issues. During the preparation stages of a divorce or separation, a separation agreement helps both the husband and wife to start thinking about and preparing for the discussions and negotiations. The attorney of their chose may choose a sample separation agreement as a resource, but will want to draft an agreement specifically tailored to David and Katie’s situation. If both spouses agree on a resolution to all of the main issues in the sample separation agreement prior to meeting with their attorneys, they may pay less in attorney s fees. This might be a possibility in a less complicated separation, such as those stemming from a short-term marriage with no children, but in David and Katie’s situation it involves children. An actual legal separation agreement customized for theShow MoreR elatedEssay about Human Growth and Development1057 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Growth and Development Human growth and the life span perspective begin from the day of conception and continue throughout the life span. It is a lifelong process which involves periods and domains of very great importance. Psychologist, sociologist, and others have done many researches into the life span of humans and have made various conclusions as to how humans behave at any given time in the life span. 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Abortion Should Not Be Legal - 953 Words

There are some people that disagree with Thomson’s view. They argue that there is no situation where a baby life should be taken. They said that every single life is important and irreplaceable and equal to each other. Thus it should never be right to have abortion since it would kill an innocent child. However they are wrong, even if every single life is important, there are times when the lives of the mother and fetus will hang on a balance and only one will live. An example of one those times when the mother’s and fetus’s lives will hang on a balance were given early. If the mother is at risk due to the pregnancy, there is a high chance the mother will die when she gives birth. Yet the people still says that abortion should not be allowed. In this situation, is only two choices; ether let the mother die or have an abortion. But who gets to live? Based on the people that disagree with Thomson, they said that the baby should survive while the mother dies. I disa gree with them. Why should the mother be forced to sacrifice herself to let the baby live. In addition, the people who argued against abortion did say that that every life is important and equal and yet they are will to choose the baby’s life over the mother’s life. Abortion should be allowed and the choice on who get to life should be given to the mother to decide. In the end, it is her life and body. The mother is using her body to carry the baby and keeping it alive, so she does indeed have the right to decide onShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right be en given to the women. 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However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number of

Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating Free Essays

string(83) " theories in social gerontology and existing empirical data† \(Tornstam, 2010\)\." Running head: HEALTHY AGING IN THE ELDERLY 1 Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating Healthy Aging and Quality of Life in the Elderly Karen Cauthen Counseling 502-B21 Liberty University Abstract Can morbidity be deterred in the elderly or is disease and illness a fact of life for the aged? Does social support and physical activity play a part in preventing secondary aging processes? This paper will modestly explore and discuss the effects of social interactions and routine activity of the elderly upon healthy aging and quality of life. Successful healthy ageing is impacted by a healthy lifestyle and is positively related to a reduced mortality risk and a delay in health deterioration† (Merrill, Myklebust, Myklebust, Reynolds, Duthie, 2008). It is not the absence of disease or disability that qualifies healthy aging, but response to the aging process that defines quality of life (Gilbert, Hagerty, Taggert, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Erik Erikson it is the eighth stage of development: integrity vs. espair (Erikson, Erikson, Kivnick, 1986); the point in life where the reality of death becomes imminent and a review of life determines meaning (Elhman Ligon, 2012). Social participation and an active lifestyle are good at any age but for the elderly it is the cover over the deep dark hole of despair and loneliness. Keywords: integrity, despair, activity, social, healthy aging, aging process, support Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating Healthy Aging and Quality of Life in the Elderly As we grow older our bodies change, our thoughts are more reflective, and our friendships more selective. Growing old is not a cookie cutter process. For each individual it is different. Some stay very busy, while others quit. They gradually halt participation in day-to-day events, or they take up yoga, run a marathon even go back to school. Successful aging is determined more by mental attitude than physical ability; how past life is perceived and future life accomplished. It is how change is managed that determines healthy aging and quality of life in the aged. Growing old is a process gerontologist divide in two categories, â€Å"primary aging† and â€Å"secondary aging† (Berger, 2011). Primary aging is defined as the universal changes occurring with age that are not caused by diseases or environmental influences. Secondary aging is defined as changes involving interactions of primary aging processes with environmental influences and disease processes (Masoro Austad, 2006). According to Berger (Berger, 2011) there are three stages of old: â€Å"young-old,† â€Å"healthy, active, financially secure and independent;† â€Å"old-old,† although still independent suffer from â€Å"reductions in physical or mental ability or social support;† and last, â€Å"oldest-old,† â€Å"infirm, at risk for illness and injury. † Not preferring to use the word old, some gerontologist describe four stages of aging as: â€Å"optimal aging,† â€Å"usual aging,† â€Å"impaired or pathological aging,† and the fourth, â€Å"successful aging,† (Rowe Kahn, 1998) â€Å"signifying extensive social interaction and activity† (Berger, 2011). The elderly tend to measure functional capacity by â€Å"their ability to carry out, independently, their routine activities, also called the activities of daily living† (Brito Pavarini, 2012). After years of independent living, dependency on someone to carry out normal everyday functions can be emotionally and socially debilitating, even more so than the illnesses that made them dependent. â€Å"Loss, in instrumental activities of daily living contributes to greater estrangement from one’s social surroundings and consequently to a tendency to be isolated in one’s residence† (Brito Pavarini, 2012). Erik Erikson provided an in-depth philosophy in his final eighth stage of development: integrity vs. despair. This is a time in which the elderly desire to unite their vast experiences with their ideas of humanity (Erikson, et al, 1986). While despair stands for a complete loss of hope, integrity does not only mean honesty, but also â€Å"a feeling of being whole, not scattered, comfortable with oneself† (Berger, 2011). Yet it is in Erikson’s seventh stage, generativity vs. tagnation, we find that â€Å"in older adults, generativity may be the single most important factor in achieving ego integrity (James Zarrett, 2006) and positively impacts well-being (Yuen, Huang, Burik, Smith, 2008)† (Elhman Ligon, 2012). Therefore, as Erikson (Erikson Erikson, 1997) put it, â€Å"indeed, old people can and need to maintain a grand-generative function† (p. 63), and that â€Å"vital involvement†¦is necessary for staying really alive (p. 63)† (Elhman Lig on, 2012). Theories People are multi-dimensional, multi-faceted creatures. To lump us all under one roof would be a crime. Numerous theories, through research and study, try to describe human behavior but no one such study is sufficient. There are four main theories concerning the activities and social life of the elderly. Each theory holds truth but not the whole truth. The first, activity theory, views â€Å"older people as psychologically unchanged† holding â€Å"social and physical obstacles responsible for declining rates of social interaction† (Carstensen L. L. , 1992). Activity theorists blame age-related health and social burdens for cause of change in social participation and activities (Carstensen L. L. , 1992). The second, disengagement theory, suggest â€Å"that old age instigates a mutual withdrawal between society and aging people† (Carstensen L. L. , 1992). Elaine Cumming and William Earl Henry (Cumming Henry, 1961) suggest that in preparation for death withdrawal is manifested in a distancing in social relationships. As death creeps ever closer what is important and what is not is more relevant. What we do, where we do it, and whom we do it with are choices that continue the idea of independence. A third theory proposed by Dr. Laura Carstensen (Carstensen L. L. , 1992), socioemotional selective theory, counters the assumption by the other two theories, that these changes in social activity are strictly late-life phenomena, with the proposition that these changes actually start earlier in life. Reduced rates of interaction in late life are viewed as the result of lifelong selection processes by which people strategically and adaptively cultivate their social networks to maximize social and emotional gains and minimize social and emotional risks† (Carstensen L. L. , 1992). Because so much is derived from social interaction; information, assistance, self-identity, selection of a mate, knowledge of culture and history, discriminate and careful examination of social partners is a must (Carstense n L. L. , 1992). The fourth, gerotranscendence theory, was developed by Lars Tornstam to address a â€Å"perpetual mismatch between present theories in social gerontology and existing empirical data† (Tornstam, 2010). You read "Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating" in category "Essay examples" Gerotranscendence claims successful aging results from frequent contemplative thought, a decrease in materialism, and transcendence of primary aging processes (Adams Sanders, 2010). In support of this theory a Change in Activities and Interest Index (CAII) was created to â€Å"examine empirically the perceived changes that occur in the lives of older adults† (Adams Sanders, 2010). The CAII is a 30-item questioner optimized to examine â€Å"self-perceived change in investment in and attitudes about social and leisure pastimes among older adults† (Adams Sanders, 2010). As a result of the research by Drs. Kathryn Adams and Sara Sanders (Adams Sanders, 2010) using the CAII, providers of health care to the elderly can better design ways to elevate direct engagement in valuable, desired activities and social relations as they advance within the aging process. As stated earlier, all four theories hold truth, but none the whole truth. Each theory describes certain individuals but leaves out others. Because we are an ever changing species and constantly growing population more studies are needed in understanding the causes of healthy aging and defining quality of life. Gender Studies have shown that in later life numerous physical benefits, as well as, psychological benefits are a result of participation in social activity, â€Å"such as the promotion of happiness (Menec, 2003), reduction of the risk of depression (Hong, Hasche, Bowland, 2009), reduction of the decline of motor function (Buchman, et al. 2009), and even reductions in mortality (Lennartsson Silverstein, 2001)† (Li, Lin, Chen, 2011). â€Å"Research to date indicates that participation in social activity exerts positive and psychological health effects among the elderly and that the pattern of activity participation differs by gender† (Li, et al, 2011). Numerous studies and literature report general differences in the social activities of men and women, but only one study â€Å"considered gender issues and social activity among the elderly (Arber, Perren, Davidson, 2002). When exploring the outcomes of healthy aging and quality of life in regards to social support and physical activity, gender cannot be overlooked. Changes take place throughout the lifespan and gender affects social and cultural relations to these changes. In the expansion of associations and community contacts the distinct social settings that men and women live in lead to dissimilar behaviors (Barer, 1994; Carstensen L. L. , 1991). Dr. Kate Bennett (Bennett K. M. 1998) did an 8-year longitudinal study on physical activity in the elderly. The results showed that women were more likely to occupy themselves with indoor activities (e. g. , housework) and men with outdoor activities (e. g. , walking or cycling) (Bennett K. M. , 1998). Involvement in activities, whether readily available or not, is also gender specific. Elderly women are more likely to attend or be involved with religious services and activities than elderly men (Arber, et al, 2002). For men, staying in touch with what is going on through formal and informal associations or engaging in social activities such as volunteer work helps them maintain self-identity within their society (Arber, et al, 2002). Cultural context also plays a part in the construct of gender roles. In most societies, Western and non-Western, the male role is that of bread winner and the female role is that of homemaker (Li, et al, 2011). Western society mindset has changed over the years to the point where these roles are often reversed or completely annihilated. In Asia, however, a study done between 1988 and 1997 of people aged 60 or older found that women were more likely to rely on their family for financial support and men were more likely to have their own source of income (Ofstedal, Reidy, Knodel, 2004). However, a study of â€Å"5,294 noninstitutionalized elderly adults†¦concluded that working for a living was associated with high rates of depression among the elderly† (Hong, et al, 2009), most likely due to Asian traditional social value (xiao) which reflects bad on the family of children who cannot support their parents (Li, et al, 2011). Facilitators and Barriers The earth’s populace of 60+ year olds has doubled since 1980 and will achieve the 2 billion mark by 2050 according to the World Health Organization (World Health Organization, n. d. ; Gilbert, et al, 2012). Catherine Gilbert, Debra Hagerty and Helen Taggert generated a study â€Å"to explore the factors associated with healthy ageing through personal interviews†¦giving voice to the elders regarding their impression of facilitators and barriers to healthy ageing† (Gilbert, et al, 2012). The results found the elderly perceive three main facilitators to healthy ageing: â€Å"taking care of self; meaningful activity; and positive attitude,† and three main barriers to healthy ageing: â€Å"giving up or giving in; environmental limitations; and the ageing process† (Gilbert, et al, 2012). Empathy is a facilitator and plays an important role in healthy ageing and quality of life through social interaction and is a requirement for enduring social commitments (Bailey, Henry, Von Hippel, 2008). Empathy has been described as the; ‘capacity to understand others and experience their feelings in relation to oneself’ (Decety Jackson, 2004). Few studies have been done to reveal whether empathic capacity diminishes with age (Bailey, et al, 2008). Phoebe Bailey, Julie Henry and William Von Hippel researched the â€Å"possibility that age-related reductions in social functioning might be mediated by declining cognitive empathy† with results testifyi ng â€Å"cognitive empathy was significantly reduced related to younger adults,† but â€Å"there were no age-related differences in affective empathy† (Bailey, et al, 2008). Thus empathy as a facilitator to healthy aging and quality of life bares much weight in functional relationships. A social network also facilitates healthy aging and quality of life. Social support, created by relationships, both formal and informal, provides one with emotional, affective and material help, with information, and with positive social interaction (Ostergren, Hanson, Isacsson, Tejler, 1991). It has been proven by studies that adequate social support is a efensive aspect in functional disability and cognitive compromise in the elderly (Golden, Conroy, Lawlor, 2009; Bennett, Schneider, Tang, Arnold, Wilson, 2006; Stuck, Walhert, Nikolaus, Bula, Hohmann, Beck, 1999). Autonomy and independence within family and social circles is maintained through social supports and is essential to cognitive functions and psychological well-being (Golden, et al, 2009; Bennett, et al, 2006; Stuck, et al, 1999). On the other hand, barriers to healthy ageing and quality of life include ph ysical ability and cognitive alterations. Barriers â€Å"reported by older adults are physical health problems and frailty, resultant injury and falling, lack of motivation, feeling low, time constraints, social barriers, past seentary lifestyle, feeling too tired, and environmental restrictions such as transportation, weather, neighborhood safety, fatigue and having no one to exercise with† (Belza, et al. , 2004; Bird, et al. , 2009; Chen, 2010; Conn, 1998; Lees, Clark, Nigg, Newman, 2005; Newson Kemps, 2007; Prohaska, et al. , 2006). Yet fear of disease and becoming dependent is a great motivator to be physically active (Welmer, Morck, Dahlin-Ivanoff, 2012). Another barrier to healthy ageing and quality of life in the elderly is cognitive alterations. Primary aging results in a slow steady decline of mental functions. Loss of words, ability to understand and perceive, to move efficiently and smoothly, and ability to manage, control, and regulate cognitive processes all deteriorate as we get older, allbeit some faster than others (Brito Pavarini, 2012). †¦with memory loss standing out most in the population in general. Maintenance of cognition is an important determinant for quality of life and life expectancy in old age, as cognitive decline is associated with personal discomfort, loss of autonomy and increase of social costs (Brito Pavarini, 2012). Research and Results The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the CDC Healthy Ageing Research Network (CDC-HAN) and the European Union Active and Healthy Ageing partnership (ND) all agree healthy ageing is important and pursue educating the public through studies and research (Gilbert, et al, 2012). The mission of the CDC Healthy Ageing Research Network is: â€Å"To better understand the determinants of healthy ageing in diverse populations and settings; to identify, develop, and evaluate programs and policies that promote healthy ageing; and to translate and disseminate research into effective and sustainable public health programs and policies throughout the nation (CDC, 2012). By using research from these agencies, communities throughout the world can develop programs that enhance and promote healthy aging and quality of life for the elderly (Gilbert, et al, 2012). The World Health Organization is aware of the challenges in healthcare faced in the 21st century, as well as, the need for the contributions the elderly make (Gilbert, et al, 2012). In support of healthy ageing and quality of life we need â€Å"training for health professionals on old-age care; preventing and managing age-associated chronic diseases; designing sustainable policies on long-term and palliative care; and developing age-friendly services and settings† (WHO, n. d. ) Along with national research, colligate, institutional, private, and organizational studies continue the quest for positive healthy aging and quality of life. Many studies extol the benefits of social support and physical activity upon the health and well-being, both mentally and physically, of the elderly. A study by Anna-Karin Welmer, Annika Morck, and Synneve Dahlin-Ivanoff; â€Å"Physical Activity in People Age 80 Years and Older as a Means to Counteracting Disability, Balanced in Relation to Frailty,† declares: †¦results suggest that physical activity was not seen as a separate activity but rather as a part of activities often rated as more important than the physical activity itself. Thus, when designing physical activity interventions for elderly people, health care providers should consider including time for social interaction and possibilities to be outdoors (Welmer, et al, 2012). In another study exploring â€Å"Empathy and Social Functioning in Late Adulthood,† Bailey, Henry, and Von Hippel report: †¦aging may differentially impact cognitive and affective empathy, and that the former may be of particular importance for social functioning. Given the negative consequences that loneliness and social isolation have for physical and mental well-being (House, Landis, Umberson, 1988), particularly among older adults (for whom reduced social participation has been linked to increased mortality; (Bath Deeg, 2005; Fry Debats, 2006), these findings seem a worthwhile topic for further investigation (Bailey, et al, 2008). Yet another study by Gilbert, Hagerty and Taggert, â€Å"Exploring Factors Related to Healthy Ageing,† reveals the importance of environment in facilitating a healthy social and physically active lifestyle. Tom, an interviewee and participant in the study â€Å"was very articulate about the need for environmental modifications that support the lifestyles of the elderly (Gilbert, et al, 2012). â€Å"To be active, means to be able to travel and do things. Unfortunately, when we travel, the people who claim to have handicap rooms have had the worst advice in the world. Numerous times I have been placed in situations where you can’t sit down in the shower or if you get in the tub, you can’t get out† (Gilbert, et al, 2012). In a study, â€Å"Gender Differences in the Relationship of Social Activity and Quality of Life in Community- Dwelling Taiwanese Elders,† Li, Lin, and Chen find to some degree that gender does play a role in what activities are pursued and measured as resulting in quality of life by the elderly. For the men in this study, engaging in contact with friends, informal group activity, formal group activity, and voluntary work were significantly associated with the total quality of life. Among women, our data show that fewer types of social activity are associated with quality of life domains (Li, et al, 2011). Men seemed to derive quality of life through formal groups where status and title were bestowed, whereas, women found quality of life sustained in religious activities (Li, et al, 2011). A study by Brito and Pavarini, â€Å"The Relationship Between Social Support and Functional Capacity in Elderly Persons with Cognitive Alterations,† corroborates the importance of social support in regards to healthy aging and quality of life, especially among the elderly with cognitive inpairment. Social support may protect individuals from the pathogenic effects of stressing events, as much as it may positively affect people’s health by providing resources (economic and material help and information), better access to health care and regulation of living habits (Ramos, 2002). Research and study in gerontology promote understanding of the needs of the elderly in establishing adequate structuring and implantation of pathways that contribute to social support and physical activities, which in turn corroborates healthy aging and quality of life (Brito Pavarini, 2012). Conclusion Getting old is a fact of life and with advances in medicine and the world’s population living longer (WHO, n. d. ), coping successfully with getting older requires selective optimization with compensation; setting goals, assessing abilities, and making plans to achieve regardless of hindrances and limitations (Berger, 2011). A positive outlook, family and friends, and an active lifestyle are all deterrents of morbidity (Gilbert, Hagerty, Taggert, 2012). Influenced by a healthy lifestyle, successful healthy ageing is clearly related to a decreased mortality risk and a postponement in, and in some cases suspension of, health deterioration (Merrill, et al, 2008). Maintaining a social calendar and routine physical activity clearly supports healthy aging and quality of life in the elderly. Bibliography Adams, K. B. , Sanders, S. (2010). Measurement of developmental change in late life: a validation study of the change in activities and interests index. Clinical Gerontologist, 92-108. Arber, S. , Perren, K. , Davidson, K. (2002). Involvement in social organizations in later life: Variations by gender and class. In L. Andersson (Ed. ), Cultural gerontology (pp. 77-93). Westport, CT: Auborn House. Bailey, P. E. , Henry, J. D. , Von Hippel, W. (2008, July). Empathy and social functioning in late adulthood. Aging Mental Health, Vol. 12, No. 4, 499-503. Barer, B. M. (1994). Men and women aging differently. International Journal of Aging and Hua Development, 38(1), 29-40. Bath, P. A. , Deeg, D. (2005). Social engagement and health outcomes among older people: Introduction to a special section. European Journal of Aging, 2, 24-30. Belza, B. , Walwick, J. , Shiu-Thornton, S. , Schwartz, S. , Taylor, M. , LoGerfo, J. (2004). Older adult perspectives on physical activity and exercise: Voices from multiple cultures. Preventing Chronic Disease, 1, A09. Bennett, D. A. , Schneider, J. A. , Tang, Y. , Arnold, S. E. , Wilson, R. S. (2006). The effect of social networks on the relation between Alzheimer’s disease pathology and level of cognitive function in old people: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurol, 5(1), 406-412. Bennett, K. M. (1998). Gender and longitudinal changes in physical activities in later life. Age and Ageing, 27(suppl. ), 24-28. Berger, K. (2011). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. New York: Worth Publishers. Bird, S. , Kurowski, W. , Feldman, S. , Browning, C. , Lau, R. , Radermacher, H. , ; Thomas, S. (2009). The insluence of the built environment and other factors on the physical activity of older women from different ethnic communities. Journal of Women and Aging, 21, 33-4 7. Brito, T. , ; Pavarini, S. (2012). The relationship between social support and functional capacity in elderly persons with cognitive alterations. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 677-684. Buchman, A. S. , Boyle, P. A. Wilson, R. S. , Fleischman, D. A. , Leurgans, S. , ; Bennett, D. A. (2009). Association between late life social activity and motor decline in older adults. Archives of International Medicine, 169(12), 1139-1146. Carstensen, L. L. (1991). Selctivity theory: Social activity in life-span context. Annual Tview of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 11, 195-213. Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socioemotional Selectivity Theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331-338. CDC. (2012, April 12). CDC’s Prevention Research Centers Healthyy Aging Research Network (CDC-HAN). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www. cdc. gov/aging/han/ Chen, Y. M. (2010). Perceived barriers to physical activity among older adults residing in long-term care institutions. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 432-439. Conn, V. S. (1998). Older women’s beliefs avout physical activity. Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass. ), 15, 370-378. Cumming, E. , ; Henry, W. E. (1961). Growing old: the process of disengagement. New York: Basic Books. Decety, J. , ; Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 71-100. Elhman, K. , ; Ligon, M. (2012). The Application of a Generativity Model for Older Adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 331-344. Erikson, E. H. , ; Erikson, J. M. (1997). The life cyclecompleted (Extended version ed. ). New York: W. W. Norton ; Company, Inc. Erikson, E. H. , Erikson, J. M. , ; Kivnick, H. Q. (1986). Vital involvement in old age. New York: Norton. Fry, P. S. , ; Debats, D. L. (2006). Sources of life strengths as predictors of late-life mortality and survivorship. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 62, 303-334. Gilbert, C. , Hagerty, D. ; Taggert, H. (2012). Exploring Factors Related to Healthy Ageing. Self-Care, Dependent-Care ; Nursing, 20-25. Golden, J. , Conroy, R. M. , ; Lawlor, B. A. (2009). Social support network structure in older people: Underlying dimensions and association with psychological and phsical health. Psychological Health ; Medicine, 14(3), 280-290. Havighurst, R. , ; Albrecht, R. (1953). Older people. Ne w York: Longmans, Green. Hong, S. I. , Hasche, L. , ; Bowland, S. (2009). Structural relationships between social activities and logitudinal trajectories of depression among older adults. The Gerontologist, 49(1), 1-11. House, J. S. , Landis, K. R. , ; Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545. James, J. , ; Zarrett, N. (2006). Ego integrity in the lives of older women. Journal of Adult Development, 13(2), 61-75. Lees, F. D. , Clark, P. G. , Nigg, C. R. , ; Newman, P. (2005). Barriers to exercise behavior among older adults: A focus-group study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 13, 23-33. Lennartsson, C. , ; Silverstein, M. (2001). Does engagement with life enhance survival of elderly people in Sweden? The role of social and leisure activities. Journal of Gerontology, 56B(6), S335-342. Li, Y. , Lin, S. , ; Chen, C. (2011). Gender Differences in the Relationship of Social Activity and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Taiwanese Elders. Journal of Women ; Aging, 305-320. Masoro, E. J. , ; Austad, S. N. (2006). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (6th ed. ). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Menec, V. H. (2003). The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: A 6-year longitudinal study. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 58B(2), S74-82. Merrill, S. J. , Myklebust, B. , Myklebust, J. , Reynolds, N. ; Duthie, E. (2008). A poisson-like model of sub-clinical signs from the examination of healthy aging subjects. Aging Clinical ; Experimental Research, 20(4), 368-375. Newson, R. S. , ; Kemps, E. B. (2007). Factors that promote and prevent exercise engagement in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 19, 470-481. Ofstedal, M. B. , Reidy, E. , ; Knodel, J. (2004). Gender differences in economic support and well-being of older Asians. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19, 165-201. Ostergren, P. O. , Hanson, B. S. , Isacsson, S. O. , ; Tejler, L. (1991). Social network, social support and acute chest complaints among young and middle-aged patients in an emergency department: A case control study. Social Science ; Medicine, 33(3), 257-267. Prohaska, T. , Belansky, E. , Belza, B. , Buchner, D. , Marshall, V. , McTigue, K. , ; Wilcox, S. (2006). Physical activity, public health, and aging: Critical issues and research priorities. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(5), S267-S273. Ramos, M. P. (2002). Apoio social e saude entre os idosos. Sociologias, 4(7), 156-175. Rowe, J. W. , ; Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging. New York: Pantheon. Stuck, A. E. , Walthert, J. M. , Nikolaus, T. , Bula, C. J. , Hohmann, C. , ; Beck, J. C. (1999). Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine, 48(1), 445-469. Tornstam, L. (2010). The theory of gerotranscendence. Retrieved 03 2013, from Department of Sociology Uppsala Universitet: http://www. soc. uu. se/en/research/research-fields/the-social-gerontology-group/research/the-theory-of-gerotranscendence/ Welmer, A. , Morck, A. , ; Dahlin-Ivanoff, S. (2012). Physical Activity in People Age 80 Years and Older as a Means of Counteracting Disability, Balanced in Relation to Frailty. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 317-331. WHO. (n. d. ). Aging and Life-Course. Retrieved from World Health Organization: http://www. sho. int/ageing/en/ World Health Organization. (n. d. ). Aging and Life-Course. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from http://www. sho. int/ageing/en/ Yuen, H. K. , Huang, P. , Burik, J. K. , ; Smith, T. G. (2008). Impact of participating in volunteer activities for residents living in long-term-care facilities. The Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(1), 71-77. How to cite Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating, Essay examples

Plan for Selection The Recruitment Policy

Question: Describe about the Plan for Selection for The Recruitment Policy. Answer: Introduction: In this assignment, an action plan is created for the recruitment process of an organization. Recruitment is defined as a set of processes which is utilized by a company to legally hire an adequate number of qualified and experienced people at the correct position and time. This recruitment process is done in such a way that it fulfills the need of both, the company as well as the employee. To execute a successful recruitment process, a proper planning and forecasting is required for a company. It is very important for a companys development to select efficient staffs. Since the job market is becoming very competitive now a day, so the recruiters have to be more selective in choosing staffs (Margaret, 2012). Analysis: This part of the assignment explains all the steps that are required to be undertaken for the recruitment procedure. An appropriate straregy is needed for every company for the recruitment process. These steps are implemented according to the timeframe. Step 1: Recritment Planning: In the very first step of the recruitment process, a recruitment timeline is created. The management authority of the company has to draft a job profile for all the vacant positions. The required qualifications for the job, skills and experience, salary, type of job ( whether it is temporary or permanet, full time or part time job), other special critetia everything has to be mentioned in the draft (Maduguand and Okafor, 2015). Step 2: Advertisement for jobs In the second step of the recruitment process, job vacancies are advertised. It can be done either internally or externally. The current employers of the company recommend the job opportunities to their friends and family members. This is internlly advertising method. The external advertising method can be done either by advertising the job profile in the newspapers or through the internet. The objective of advertising vacancies is to draw the attention of all persons who are looking for a job. Now a day, online advertisement is a very useful method than other conventional methods of the recruitment process. In the advertisement, the candidates are requested to send their cv or resume within a week. Step 3: Screening and shortlisting: This is a very vital role in the selection process. In this step the candidates are shortlisted according to their qualification, experience, skill and abilities. This step may vary between different organizations. Let us consider an example. Suppose in a University, there is a vacancy for the post of a lecturer. In this case, the resumes are shortlisted according to the qualification, experience, number of published papers of the candidates. In some companies, the shortlisting process may be done by conducting a aptitute test round. The candidates who will not clear this round will be automatically eliminated from the selection process. Some organizations may conduct a group discussion round (GD) after the aptitute test. After clearing this round, the candidated will be eligible for the interview. The aptitute test and GD may be done within one day, or sometimes it is done during two days. Step 4: Interview In this step, the shortlisted candidates are invited for interview. A list of questions is prepared by the company to ask at the interview. The Humen Resource (HR) team of the company has to review the questions before conducting the interview. Sometimes there are more than one round in the interview process. The canditates have to clear all the rounds to be selected. Step 5: Final selection In the final selection step, the candidates who have cleared all the rounds and have fulfilled all the necessaty conditions are finally selected by the HR department of the company. The candidates are given their offer letter where every details of the job such as salary, date of joining, working time and other necessary informations are provided. Generally, this whole procedure is done on the same day of interview. These five steps with their required timeframe are described with the help of table 1. Steps for recruitment Timeframe Recritment Planning Within 4-5 days Advertisement for jobs Within 1 week Screening and shortlisting Within 1-2 days Interview Within 1-2 days Final selection On the same day of interview Table 1 : Steps for recruitment process with timeframe (Source: created by author) Interview guide: The interview process is conducted by the HR team. The interview questions are based on the education, other qualifications, previous work experience, strenghs, weeknesses of the candidate. Moreover, the recruiters may ask questions about their personality, goals of life, desired job or whether they are ready to relocate to some other cities or work for some extra time if required. Moreover, the candidates also have to maintain some general rules such as they have to wear formal dress and have to carry all the required documents. Sample questions for an interview: Some sample questions for an interview are listed below. HR round: Tell me something about youtself. What is your favourite past-time? How do you know about our company? What are your goals in life? Are you interested in relocating? Why should we hire you? How much salary do you expect for this job? Technical round (TR) questions: Technical round is done specially in IT or engineering jobs. Explain the projects you did in college. Draw a graph to explain a theory? Have you attended any seminar? Do you know about software testing? What are the differences between C and Java? Describe all the steps in designing. Moreover, it must be noted that in an interview, the recruiters cannot ask any personal questions such as the relationship status or the religious views of the candidate or health related any questions. The questions must not violate Anti-discrimination legislation. Conclusion: This part of the assignment sums up the entire thing. The article deals with the selection process of a company. The whole selection process is done by consecutive five steps. The steps are recruitment planning, advertisement for jobs, screening and shortlisting, interview and final selection. Now a days there are some other methods for recruitment like on campussing procedure which is conducted in various colleges and Universities. In this process, the recruiters choose candidate directly from the colleges or Universities. The interview is also conductioned by various rounds like HR round, TR round etc. Some questions should never be asked at an interview. This is the whole process for recruitment. Reference list: Madugu, U. and Okafor, J.I., 2015. A Critical Analysis Of The Recruitment Policy Of The Nigerian Civil Service.International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review,5(1). Margaret, A.R., 2012. Recruitment Strategies: Managing/Effecting the Recruitment Process.

Crittically Examine The Use Of The Term Community Essays

Crittically Examine The Use Of The Term Community Critically examine the use of the term ?community' in the 1990's. The essay should be structured in such a way that it incorporates reference to Social Policy, Legislation and practice issues. Students will be required to make use of theoretical studies, particularly from relevant academic and other sources such as books, journals and relevant publications. The meaning of community is a tricky one. It is used in many different contexts and is a concept that means very different things to different people. A useful starting point is in the book Keywords by Raymond Williams. His research on the word community indicates that it has been part of English language since the 14th century, originally used to refer to the common people as opposed to those of rank, or to state or organised society. By the 16th century it was used to refer to ?the quality of having something in common' and ? to a sense of common identity and characteristics.' In time Community also came to refer to a particular quality of relationship, as well as a distinction between community and civil society on one hand and the state on the other. There are many different types of community and the word is very ambiguous, but it is possible to distinguish between several types according to their contrasting features and characteristics, such as density of their social networks, the degree of their openness and their duration. Sociologically it is usually taken to mean people who live in a common geographical area or it can be defined in terms of common interest. It implies some kind of association, perhaps even sharing, and participation in common relationships. It is in these shared characteristics which bind people together where we start to understand the term and its implications, although even within sociology community takes many different forms. In 1995 researcher Hillery found 94 sociological definitions and the only common thread was that they all dealt with people. The classic form of community which many think of when they here the word is the traditional working class communities found throughout industrial Britain during the earlier part of the 20th century. These were tightly knit settlements of workers and their families who grew up around the mines, factories, ports and other workplaces. However with an increasingly efficient transport network many British industries came under threat from cheaper and better quality products from abroad, and within those industries that Britain still held, the workers were replaced with machines. This loss of industry had a crippling effect on local areas, many of which had grown up around the industry. Research into such areas revealed that such communities are very conservative. They are also seeped in tradition related to these ideologies. Such traditions include a moral obligation to maintain a respectable standard of living and a strong commitment to the work ethic. Howe's research on a working class district of Eastlough in Protestant East Belfast showed despite a high unemployment rate the dole was still seen as an interruption of work, and it was legitimate employment which was sought and desired. This was strongly supported by long standing attitudes and values. Being on the dole induced strong feelings of private shame, which, in turn often led people to withdraw from the community. As a result Howe found their lives to become further impoverished by ?social isolation, fragmentation and distrust' (Howe 1990). With the decline of these so-called ?occupational communities' comes the notion that the concept of community is not relevant in the 21st century. The Elderly who once belonged to such so called ?occupational' communities reminisce about the good old days, when everyone knew and looked out for each other. They talk about a strong community consciousness generated by common residence and common necessity - a social support network that they feel is lacking in modern day society. Not just among the elderly but in general, there is a widely held belief that modern times have witnessed a decline of community. In my opinion this comes about because selective, romanticised views of the past are often adopted and the less sentimental memories of characteristics and events from the past are often forgotten. The conflicts and internal tensions

Definition of Chinese Exclusion Act

Definition of Chinese Exclusion Act The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first United States law to restrict immigration of a specific ethnic group. Signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882, it was a response to a nativist backlash against Chinese immigration to the American West Coast. The law was passed after a campaign against Chinese workers, which included violent assaults. A faction of American workers felt that the Chinese provided unfair competition, claiming they were brought into the country to provide cheap labor. Chinese Workers Arrived During the Gold Rush The discovery of gold in California in the late 1840s created a need for workers who would perform grueling and often dangerous work for low wages. Brokers working with mine operators began to bring Chinese laborers to California, and in the early 1850s as many as 20,000 Chinese workers arrived each year. By the 1860s the Chinese population constituted a considerable number of workers in California. It was estimated that approximately 100,000 Chinese males were in California by 1880. A series of economic downturns in the 1870s created an atmosphere in which Chinese workers were blamed for the loss of work by white, generally immigrant, laborers. A financial crisis that began in 1873 with the collapse of a prominent New York City bank, Jay Cooke and Company, rippled through the economy and hit California. Up to that point, railroad construction had been booming in the West. In the railroad business, Chinese workers had earned a reputation for taking on difficult and often very dangerous labor. The railroad companies openly discriminated against the Chinese in some ways, such as not allowing them to attend the ceremony when the golden spike was driven to make the completion of the transcontinental railroad. But the railroads relied on Chinese labor. The banking collapse in the east put an end to railroad construction in California, and in the mid-1870s many thousands of Chinese workers were suddenly idled. As they sought other work, white workers began to bitterly complain that they were taking their jobs. Hard Times Led to Violence With competition for work, the situation became tense and often violent. American workers, many of them Irish immigrants, felt they were at an unfair disadvantage as the Chinese were willing to work for very low pay in dismal conditions. The Chinese were also targeted as they tended to be far outside the mainstream of American society. They tended to live in enclaves which became known as Chinatowns. They often didnt wear American clothing, and few learned English. They were seen as very different than European immigrants, and were generally mocked as being inferior. Economic downturns in the 1870s led to job losses and wage cuts. White workers blamed the Chinese and persecution of Chinese workers accelerated. A mob in Los Angeles killed 19 Chinese in 1871. Other incidents of mob violence occurred throughout the 1870s. In 1877 an Irish-born businessman in San Francisco, Denis Kearney, formed the Workingmans Party of California. Though ostensibly a political party, similar to the Know-Nothing Party of earlier decades, it also functioned as an effective pressure group focused on anti-Chinese legislation. Kearneys group succeeded in attaining political power in California, and began to be considered the real opposition party to the Republican Party. Making no secret of his racism, Kearney referred to Chinese laborers as Asiatic pests. Anti-Chinese Legislation Appeared in Congress In 1879 the U.S. Congress, spurred on by activists such as Kearney, passed a law known as the 15 Passenger Act. It would have limited Chinese immigration, but President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed it. The objection Hayes voiced to the law was that it violated the 1868 Burlingame Treaty the United States had signed with China. In 1880 the United States negotiated a new treaty with China that would allow some immigration restrictions. And new legislation, which became the Chinese Exclusion Act, was drafted. The new law suspended Chinese immigration for ten years, and also made Chinese citizens ineligible to become American citizens. The law was challenged by Chinese workers, but was held to be valid. And it was renewed in 1892, and again in 1902, when the exclusion of Chinese immigration was made indefinite. The Chinese Exclusion Act was finally repealed by Congress in 1943, at the height of World War II. Sources: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2010, pp. 385-386. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. U.S. Immigration and Migration Reference Library, edited by Lawrence W. Baker, et al., vol. 5: Primary Sources, UXL, 2004, pp. 75-87. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Telephony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Telephony - Essay Example Over the years, the increasing development in the field of technology presents the capability of human beings to master over nature (Vergragt 2006, pp.1-3). Telephony represents that form of technology that allows easy and active interactions between different points through the availability of voice equipments. Telephone is the most commonly observed and used instrument of the technology of telephony. It provides interactive facilities to every residential house as well as in businesses. Telephones have also been associated with telephony switching systems and exchanges that are necessary for the processing of the calls occurring between two points. Developments have occurred over the years in telephony reflecting a shift from the initial local point to point connections to highly sophisticated connections in the modern world (What is Telephony 2012). The present study focuses on the origins, characteristics, and consequences of technological system considering the example of teleph ony. ... xtensive knowledge on the nature of sound that he applied in determining the possibility of passing multiple messages through at the same time through the same wire (Bellis 2012). The figure on the left presents one of the earliest telephones as invented by Graham Bell. The use of multiple telegraph had been suggested and tried earlier as well. However, with Bell’s application of a harmonic approach, the idea could be actually implemented. It was in the year 1878 that the first Bell telephone company was established. It is now known as the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). In 1878, the first exchange of telephone was established in New Haven. Earlier the connections of the telephones had to be done in pairs. In the year 1889, the system of pay phone came into existence. Thereafter, with the advancements in the technology, the touch-tone phones, cordless phones, and mobile phones were developed (Bellis 2012). Characteristics of Telephony: The Technological System : The service of telephony or telecommunications is provided by an industry that includes different groups of people like the engineers, scientists and craftsmen. Telephone companies are either under the control of the government of a country or they may also be private in nature (Freeman 2004, p.1). Basic Telephony: The simple connection of the telephone as is most commonly known to the world is characterised by a device that is connected to other points across the world through use of pair of wires. The parts of such a telephone include a handset, a cradle, along with the signalling system that contains either dial or push buttons for making the connections. The handset is created with two electroacoustic transducers, the earpiece that acts as the receiver, and a mouthpiece that acts as the